Utilization of PEFB reinforced box waste coated super-hydrophobic coating for shoe sole applications

This paper presents the utilization of palm empty fruit bunches (PEFB) reinforced with box waste for shoe sole applications. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum composition of PEFB reinforced with box waste for shoe sole application. The use of PEFB and box waste for shoe sole as alternative to solve the environmental problem and change waste into zero waste which can support the green campaign and attain sustainable environment since both materials are low cost, daily waste materials and environmental friendly to reuse and modify into new products. The preparation of samples was involved grinding process of PEFB fiber and box waste, blending process of different percentage of PEFB in 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% with 50% of box waste, followed by mixing process with epoxy and hardener and finally coated with superhydrophobic coating based palm oil eco-resin by using spray gun techniques. The bonding between fiber-matrix of PEFB and box waste by ratio of 2:1 for epoxy resin and hardener as a binder. The physical test shows that the higher percentages of PEFB which is 80% was produced the lowest density of 1.06g/cm3 and highest porosity up to 0.44%. In term of water droplet test, all the percentages of PEFB produce the water contact angle up to 155.23° with coated superhydrophobic while 75.08° for uncoated surface. It is also conclude that 80% of PEFB reinforced with 50% box waste produced the most optimum composition for shoe sole application in term of physical properties

Analysis of epoxy composite with diapers waste as fillers: relationship of density, porosity and sound absorption coefficient

In this study, epoxy composites consisting of diapers waste (DW) as filler to improve the strength of the materials were produced by hand lay-up fabrication process. The inclusion of the DW significantly improves the sound absorption properties of epoxy composites. This study analyzes the relationship between the density, porosity and sound absorption coefficient properties of different weight ratio of the DW in the epoxy composites. Density and porosity is the key factor for acoustic efficiency determination in the same composite form. It can be mainly attributed to great number of voids which more porous and less dense into the matrix, increasing the sound absorption efficiency of the epoxy composites materials. The properties of the diapers waste are lightweight which show that, the incorporation of the diapers waste as fillers in the epoxy composite shows lower value of the density while increase in terms of porosity. Ratio 0.5 DW/epoxy had the most excellent properties in terms of lower density, higher porosity and sound absorption coefficient with 0.93 SAC score

Influence of the ratio on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin composite with diapers waste as fillers for partition panel application

Materials play significant role in the domestic economy and defense with the fast growth of science and technology field. New materials are the core of fresh technologies and the three pillars of modern science and technology are materials science, power technology and data science. The prior properties of the partition panel by using recycled diapers waste depend on the origin of waste deposits and its chemical constituents. This study presents the influence of the ratio on the mechanical properties of polymer in diapers waste reinforced with binder matrix for partition panel application. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different ratio of diapers waste polymer reinforced epoxy-matrix with regards to mechanical properties and morphology analysis. The polymer includes polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) were used as reinforcing material. The tensile and bending resistance for ratio of 0.4 diapers waste polymers indicated the optimum ratio for fabricating the partition panel. Samples with 0.4 ratios of diapers waste polymers have highest stiffness of elasticity reading with 76.06 MPa. A correlation between the micro structural analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the mechanical properties of the material has been discussed

Introduction of the composite materials and applications for manufacturing technology

A composite material can be defined as a combination of two materials resulting in better properties than those of the individual's compound used. The two constituents form a matrix and reinforcement. the main advantages of composite materials are their high strength and rigidity, combined with low density compared with bulk materials, which allows a reduction in weight in the finished part..

Fabrication and physical properties of pipe based on fiberglass reinforced with plastic waste in-plant application system

The word "waste" comes a vision of a material with no worth or helpful purpose. However, technology is evolving that holds promise for mistreatment waste or recycled plastics to create an array of high-performance composite product that are themselves doubtless reusable. The plastic waste is currently a significant environmental threat to current civilisation..

The Preparation and Characterization on Natural Dyes Based on Neem, Henna and Turmeric for Dyeing on Cotton with Superhydrophobic Coating

This study is presents the preparation and characterization on natural dyes based on neem, henna and turmeric for dyeing on cotton with superhydrophobic coating. Natural dyes were used to reduce the usage of the synthetic dyes in dyeing process and superhydrophobic coating to maintain the colour of the dyes on the fabric from faded and acts as a self-cleaning. The methodology involved for this study was the extraction process of natural dyes from the neem, henna and turmeric. There are eight different concentrations consists of 0.25g/ml, 0.5g/ml, 0.75g/ml, 1.0g/ml, 1.25g/ml, 1.50g/ml, 1.75g/ml and 2.0g/ml. The mechanical test involved is abrasion test for evaluation the resists wear caused by flat rubbing contact with another materials. Henna coated cotton fabrics have lower percentage weight loss compared to neem and turmeric coated cotton fabrics and uncoated cotton fabrics. The weight percentage loss for henna coated cotton fabrics at 2.0g/ml was 3.57%, for neem coated cotton fabrics at 2.0g/ml was 3.58% and turmeric at 2.0g/ml concentration was 3.59%. On the other hand, the value for the henna uncoated cotton fabric at 2.0g/ml was at 4.62%, neem at 2.0g/ml concentration was 4.64% and the value for uncoated turmeric at 2.0g/ml was 4.65% respectively

The mechanical performance of tile based on plastic waste (PW) mixed wood waste (MWW)

Demand for recycling product like plastics, papers, metals and alternative materials will increase due to its numerous applications particularly on business. Recently analysis estimates that 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic has been made within the 65 years production of plastics began. Approx-imately 4.9 billion tons has already been terminated up in lowland or polluting the setting. This project research is to study the mechanical performance of tile based on plastic waste (PW) mixed with wood waste (WW). The objective is to evaluate the mechanical properties and to determine the optimum ratio of PW reinforced WW for tile application. In this study, there are four types of com-posites ratio of PW reinforced WW which are 1.0 PW:2.0 WW, 2.0 PW:2.0 WW, 3.0 PW:2.0 WW, and 4.0 PW:2.0 WW. The processes involved grinding, sizing and mixture process. Firstly, the PW and WW were grinded by using Grind Machine with the speed of 300 rpm. Then, the composition of PW and WW were mixed together with special resin by ratios into square aluminum tray with dimension of 26 cm× 26 cm and thickness of 0.5 cm. The samples were cured for 48 hours at room temperature (27 C). The maximum tensile strength was observed that the ration of 3.0 PW:2.0 WW loading produced the highest strength at 313.81 N. The bending test exhibited 2069.20 N for the ratio of 3.0 PW:2.0 WW. For impact test, 3.0 PW:2.0 WW can withstand the maximum stress at 1.67 kJ/m2. 3.0 PW:2.0 WW showed lower density of 1.070 g/cm3 and higher porosity value of 0.05%. It clearly shows that fiber matrix bonding PW:WW in distribution special resin form a strong adhesive bond at ratio of 3.0:2.0 with magnification of 10× by using Optical Microscopes Image. In conclusion, the composition ratio of PW:WW revealed that 3.0 ratio of PW reinforced with 2.0 ratio of WW produce optimum ratio for tile application

Municipal solid waste mixed polymer composites based diapers waste (MSWPC-DW) for partition panel

The study presents the municipal solid waste mixed polymer composite based diapers waste (MSWPC-DW) for partition panel application. The focus of this study is to determine the optimum ratio of the MSWPC-DW which is suitable for partition panel application. The use of diapers waste as reinforcement materials in epoxy matrix is to produce a partition panel that has sustainable properties and environmentally friendly. The preparation of sample involved grinding process of diapers waste of different ratio with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 into small particles sizes and mixed with epoxy resin and hardener, then put into aluminium mould with casting method for curing process for 24 hour at room temperature (24 ± 2ºC). The hardened samples named as MSWPC-DW then subjected to physical and mechanical properties testing. The MSWPC-DW ratio of 0.4 achieved the second lowest density of 1.05 g/cm3 and an average porosity of 13.7%. The SEM image 0.4 MSWPC-DW shows less number of voids exhibiting excellent good dispersion of filler and the resin matrix. The higher numbers of breaking fibres of the diapers waste in the ratio 0.4 MSWPC-DW indicate the higher mechanical strength of the composite. The tensile strength test showed that ratio 0.4 MSWPC-DW achieved the highest tensile strength and stiffness elasticity at 6.11 MPa and 76.06 MPa, respectively. It is similar to the flexural strength test, ratio 0.4 MSWPC-DW also indicated the highest deflection of 34.82 mm and the highest maximum strength at 22.92 MPa. Ratio 0. 4 MSWPC-DW recorded the highest impact strength of 25.65 kJ/m2 and highest compressive strength at 12.09 MPa. In terms of sound absorption coefficient (SAC), MSWPC-DW ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 achieved the highest SAC of 0.93α at a frequency of 1250 Hz, while the ratio of 0.4 obtained the second highest SAC of 0.85α. In summary, these results show that ratio 0.4 of MSWPC-DW were the best in fabricating the partition panel

The study of used of ceramic industrial waste as replacement material of fine aggregate in concrete mix

Concrete is a global material that underwrites commercial well-being and social development. These days, there two commonly used structural materials: concrete and steel [1]. Concrete which contains waste products as aggregate is called ‘Green’ concrete. Use of hazardous waste in concrete-making will lead to green environment and sustainable concrete technology and so such concrete can also be called as ‘Green’ concrete. Concrete are mostly used in construction engineering field because the used of the material are economics and have higher strength, durability and availability of raw materials. For this research, the concrete have been modified by replaced the fine aggregate with Ceramic Industrial Waste (CIW) in concrete mix

A review on the application of the solid waste for building material

The present study is an attempt to take an overview on the application of the solid waste for building material such as concrete, cement, tiles, roof, brick and geopolymer. According to the Global Environment Centre (GEC), 23,000 tons of wastes were produce every day, expected rise to 30,000 tons by 2020 and only 5% have been recycled in Malaysia. Increasing of population, rapid urbanization and industrialization affected the increasing of the number of solid waste produced. Based on Department of Statistic Malaysia (DOSM), the population growth rate of 1.1% at 2018 with estimated 32.4 million populations compared to 2017 with 32.0 million populations and estimation of the waste increase by 2020 will occur. This review discusses the incorporation of the solid waste such as fly ash, polystyrene, plastic, sludge, glass and timber dust affect the physical and mechanical properties of the building materials. In addition, this paper reviews the recycling and reusing method of the different solid waste that can be applied to building materials. Most of the building materials such as concrete and bricks mix with the different solid waste show the positive effect by producing the lightweight materials, increased in water absorption, compressive strength, the plasticity of the materials and increasing of energy saving based on various research reviews. The findings and the potential application of the different solid waste in building material may help increasing the sustainable development